Features of public diplomacy in Canada and Australia in the early 21st century: a comparative analysis

Abstract

The article provides a comparative analysis of the specific features of public diplomacy in Canada and Australia in the early twenty-first century within the context of the transformation of the global system of international relations, the digitalization of the communication space, and the growing significance of intangible resources of influence. The study is grounded in the concept of the “middle power,” which defines the strategic model of foreign policy positioning of both states. The institutional, cultural, educational, informational, and digital dimensions of public diplomacy are examined, along with nation-branding mechanisms as instruments for shaping a positive international image.

It is established that Canada and Australia, while not aspiring to superpower status, effectively employ soft power instruments to promote democratic values, climate responsibility, gender equality, innovative development, and intercultural dialogue. Particular attention is paid to the role of universities, international academic mobility, cultural industries, sports diplomacy, and diaspora networks as factors of long-term external influence. The significance of digital platforms and social media in shaping a new model of “digital public diplomacy,” integrated with security and information-analytical mechanisms of state policy, is highlighted.

The comparative analysis identifies common trends in the development of public diplomacy in both countries, driven by globalization processes and competition for international reputation, as well as national specificities related to regional priorities, historical traditions, and geopolitical positioning. It is argued that in the early twenty-first century public diplomacy is transforming into a comprehensive instrument of strategic communications aimed at managing international trust, building partnerships, and strengthening the normative influence of states in the global environment.